OSCİLLOSCOPE TURKİSH İNFORMATİON ABOUT THE USE

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Basic Information on how to use the oscilloscope

Electrical signals measured with the widest range of measurement capabilities of the tools used to assess the oscilloscope, signal the waveform provides the frequency and amplitude to be determined

simultaneously.

Study the orbits of the electrons passing through an electric field on the move is based on the fundamental principles of deviation. Cathode Ray Tube electric field generated by applying the appropriate voltage potential to planar sheet name in the baffles, passing electrons from the plates (the electron beam) to change the location of the point at which deflects hit the phosphor screen.Instantaneous value of the voltage applied to the location of the baffle of this point and will vary depending on the waveform and will be a light line on the screen.

Oscilloscopes are always connected in parallel to the circuit. Making measurements if the connection is too high series resistance due to the internal circuit will prevent the desired current flow. Examine the current wave shape on the current flows to the small value of a resistor circuit (measure resistance, the shunt resistor) series shower in the voltage waveforms are analyzed by connection ends. Of a resistive voltage waveforms and the falling phase current flowing through the resistor and end Considering that the same should be and Ohm's Law, V = IR equation considering the current investigation.

Point to note, as the circuit is used to limit the value of the resistor much smaller selection (usually between 10 and 200 depending on the current miliohm) and power is great enough to withstand this current. After the oscilloscope can run is expected to warm up a few minutes. In the meantime, in a position in the middle of the timebase commutator (ornegin5ms / div) would be good. If light lines appear on the screen at the end of this period;

• Brightness (Intensity) potentiometer is not sufficiently clear. Should be turned clockwise to a full round up of 3/4. Once again, the brightness can be adjusted as desired line appears with the help of this button. If the lines still appear;

• You tried to drop onto the screen with a play line and YPOS Xpose buttons. The result is negative;

• AT / NORM TRIGGER switch is set to the EC position and the above process is repeated.

• Highlight the line if necessary after adjusting the brightness of clarity is achieved with the help of the FOCUS button.

Light lines appear on the screen after the Y INPUT jack (multi-channel oscilloscope to the A1 input) is attached to a probe. Today BNC type connectors on this probe (plugs) are used. Some moving parts are locked by turning the outer side after hours plugs fitted to this place. Probe X1, X10 and X100 are several varieties including. With the aid of a spanner on a probe can indicate both X1 and X10 feature.Applied to the oscilloscope, such as the type of signal that is measured in the X1 probe. The X10 and X100 types 10 and sends a signal to the oscilloscope zayılatıp 100 times, respectively. X10 or X100 type before using a probe must be compensated in the following manner.

The probe is connected to the oscilloscope over a square wave generator and the set screw on the screen corner turn right until you see a square wave. After this process, it is possible to make an accurate measure my. X1 probe does not need this type of treatment.

MEASURİNG VOLTAGE CRO

The amplitude of the mark on the screen Y (vertical) axis estimate. Amplitude, is determined in first frames on the screen first. Then the VOLTS / DIV input attenuator actual value of the voltage multiplied by the number of frames shown by the sign of the value on the commutator is determined.In the meantime, if continuous amplitude adjustment knob If " CAL "or the clockwise direction opposite of the position must be translated to the last. If zayıflatıcıl of ( X10 or X100 ) must be taken into account if using a probe attenuation coefficient. The sensitivity of the oscilloscope VOLTS / DIVcommutator is increased by turning clockwise.

FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT CRO

In the modern period is measured instead of the frequency oscilloscope. Period measurement of the X (horizontal) axis is done. The waveform of one period of the X-axis direction of the length is determined by counting squares. Then the value shown by the timebase Switches (S / div ms / div or ms / div) with the sign of the period is determined by multiplying the number of frames. If you uninterrupted timebase setting button "cal" or the clockwise direction opposite of the position must be translated to the last. The probe used (X1, X10 or X100) does not affect the measurement time.

Dr. Azmi Demirel

OSCILLOSCOPE WHAT, HOW DOES IT WORK? (SECOND LECTURE DETAYAL OF)

Beginner covered by a little timidly oscilloscope, general-purpose feature is very useful and inevitable measuring instrument. If the oscilloscope known how it works, between the key and the abundance of buttons on the device, there is no need to remove the screen in a way chance. The purpose of this paper, especially for those new to dealing with electronics, is to explain the operation of the oscilloscope.

If a place "electronic done", should not be far from the oscilloscope. Pure proper tension or pure sinusoidal alternating voltage signals to non-related voltages (V) or when they change measured in the desired time, the oscilloscope will be required. This device is made with markings, even at the same time there is also the opportunity to observe more than one mark. First glance, the front panel of the oscilloscope confusing and even frightening, it is not complicated at all how signs can be seen.All events display surface, that goes around the screen is divided into several regions. This screen is actually a front surface of a Braun tube. This screen inside with an electron gun in the rear of the tube "is shot." The inner surface of the screen is coated with a special material. Makes a radiant section of the electron beam strikes and the display appears as a bright spot on the glass surface (Figure 1).

It is clear that something can not be done with a single bright spot. But the screen (tube) on each side of the surface to achieve a bright spot, if there were the possibility of moving the electron beam, suddenly opens the door for many application areas.

And these are the possibilities: This is mostly aimed into the tube, plate applied to the beam of electrons to pass therethrough and tension placed on pairs (Figure 2).

Leads to the creation of an electric field between the plates and the applied voltage may be deflected by the electric field of the electron path. Two plates of equal voltage, i.e. no effect or a voltage difference between a force on the electrons and the beam goes again through the two plates.However, if a voltage difference created by the way, the electrons are moving toward a more positive voltage plate and the center of the screen bright spot occurs somewhere else. Looking at Figure 3, the bright spot on the screen according to the voltage on the plates where the poll will appear straightforward.

So, sawtooth-shaped with a voltage (indeed it is called) from the top left of the screen if you need to-and we can take it right down to the continuous tekrarlayabileceğimiz- easily understood. Sawtooth-shaped voltage is slow, for example, if the rise in 2 seconds, may be within sight of the point of departure. But the rapid rise of the sawtooth voltage and to the right of the screen to the left "rush" is also provided and slow working of the human eye sees a horizontal line on the screen.

Here, one half of the oscilloscope so, the "horizontal deflection" section, you know now. The screen from right to left, a point that can move down supra, is a good improvement over the stationary point. These features will be measured by a point on the screen mark "can be drawn." For this purpose, the tube plate can be directed downwards or upwards at the same time the electron beam must be placed more pair (Figure 4).

The plate pair to be measured, i.e. signaled to be made visible. Going from left to right on the display, below the mark applied on the one side and is deflected upwardly and becomes denbir mark appears (Figure 5).

Now the "vertical deflection did you know how it works, so you have to understand the working principles of the oscilloscope.

If the spots are going slowly from left to right on the screen, this time reaching the Y-baffles display all the signs "are drawn." On the other hand, the beam is deflected from left to right speed, time, Y-plate is displayed on the screen is sufficient to only a portion of the mark reaches the pair. However, using special control schemes, oscilloscope really seen is wanted (most of the time) can be set to show.

For example, a "time base (time base)" key with sawtooth-shaped deflection voltage of the slow or fast rise is provided, we want the light to go how from left to right ... This switch or calibrated rather commutator terms of time per part of the screen. Commutator "10 mS / section" Let's face it stopped at the stage. If the screen width 8 sections in the horizontal direction, for example, a sawtooth signal of 80 ms duration and expense of the oscilloscope is produced once during this time to the right from the left side of the screen dots on the screen.

Another well thought out layout AmAdIr the trigger (trigger). This scheme allows you to start the sawtooth after reaching a certain size on the display device to mark arriving and at least shown. While the right spots on the screen in full screen, you thought it was the sign to display. A large part of the mark to be displayed in this case, perhaps all had disappeared ...

But on the other hand, a certain amount of time passes between the trigger with sawtooth really begin. Therefore, an amount of delayed signals to be applied to the vertical deflection plates. Before starting or moving the Y-plate would be shown signs of radiation reaching the couple. Signal before being applied to the vertical deflection plates that have already passed through an amplifier, wherein the delay is created. Latency type of device be -according between 500 ns and 200 ns.

After learning so much about Oscilloscopes, see the best of the block diagram in Figure 6.

In this way everything is shown the relationship between, for example, the horizontal deflection, i.e., when you see the sawtooth generator along with some of the commutator. Amplified mark given by the generator and then applied to the horizontal deflection plates.

In the same diagram, debilitating and tap selector switch with input difference is vertical. This mark will be indicated by the attenuator will be set to a value that can be processed by the vertical amplifier.

Because stages Volt / display section marked as has the ability to measure the applied voltage. For example, key 2 V / division is shown in position and mark the height of the display section 3 of the said voltage is 6 volts.

After debilitating commutator is amplified signals to be displayed on the screen and is brought to the level of saw tooth may be triggered. Signal is then delayed and applied to the pair of vertical plates.There is a block diagram of the concepts we have seen so far:

Blackout (blanking): This scheme electron flow when disconnected. For example, going from left to right after finishing spots should turn to the left of the screen again as soon as possible to start the next scan. Offensive line loopback bother to appear on the screen this time, the pixel is turned off.These events mark the saw tooth in Figure 5 "r" to be in the following sections.

INCOMPLETE APPLICATIONS AT A GLANCE ...

The size of signs and changes over time in practice with the aid of an oscilloscope measured by inertial. If you are very short-term (less than one-millionth of a second), and the irregular alternating signs in question is very important feature mentioned above. Examples of this type may show signs of successive, distinct pulse train.

That's why in every area of ​​electronic measuring instrument called the oscilloscope and also in electrical engineering, control techniques, in information-processing techniques, etc. are found in the energy techniques. Because the device is practical: an overview of the screen is often enough to understand that-happened. Oscilloscope, the customer service so that it is also useful in the development laboratory and practical. Oscilloscope, for example the exchange of data within a computer (or -n to pity them sometimes change as chi) can be monitored.

Similarly, television, radio communications, signals in radar equipment, signs in the audio frequency amplifier or nuclear power plants located in radiation monitoring device may also be examined in the oscilloscope. And where they are converted into electrical signals of physical quantities (pressure, tension, volume, speed, temperature transmitters) are ready to serve again oscilloscope.

OSCİLLOSCOPE TYPE, TYPES

In addition to the numerous varieties can be used as general-purpose oscilloscopes as well, there are special types of oscilloscopes as required by the conditions specific to the business. Among them are dual-beam oscilloscope comes to mind first. In this type of oscilloscope used in Braun's just the tank two electron gun, a second pair of plates for horizontal deflection, and most importantly, has a second pair of vertical deflection plate. Thus, the screen on top of the two beams is sent and enables the display to indicate the two simultaneously.

We can also specify the storage oscilloscopes include special types of oscilloscopes. Screens of storage oscilloscopes are made ​​so that the displayed information need be stored aylarca-. Such a device will be valuable in troubleshooting jobs in services such as computer systems.
Another special type should sample (Sampling) are oscilloscope (Eng. = take a sample to sample, sample).

Sampling oscilloscope allows very high frequency signals can be observed. For this purpose, the measured vibration mark small pieces of following each other and combined. This procedure ensures a few hundred MHz or higher frequency signals for removing the screen; very high frequency signals can not be monitored with a normal oscilloscope (where you can see that there are some limitations).

Apart from this special type of oscilloscope, there are specific and unique application-specific devices.Examples of these monitors, engine testers, analyzers, medical devices, etc. radar screen, etc. can be counted.

However, over time the "normal" in oscilloscopes have become so comfortable, as a result of the control buttons and switches are becoming smaller, otherwise all this would sığdırıla panel controls.Let's look at some of these new comfort: an example in the ALTERNATE MODE has (Eng. to alternate = change, commuting between the two values; mode = operating mode). In this operating mode, exactly as it is in the dual-beam oscilloscope screen has the ability to monitor two signals simultaneously.

Before going dots on the screen from left to right is applied to the first mark and the display vertical baffles "drawn"; The second sign is displayed from left to right in the next round. And in this way by subtracting the two signals as displayed by the event is repeated. If two signals sorting speed is high enough, the human eye can not track the speed and also he is perceived as both sign displayed at the same time.

CHOPPED MODE 'in (Eng. to chop chop =), the dots going from left to right, the first and second channel signals are applied to many times, and in turn vertical baffles. The human eye again mistakenly is thought that the two signals are simultaneously displayed on the screen.

Normal time for some commutator (A), as well as some key a second time in several devices (B) is located. This is the second time with some very nice things, for example, can B Intensified BYE (Eng. To intensify = intensify, (here) to brighten). This a-stand, such B when some of the key 10 ms / division position and when some key 2 ms / division is turned to the union chapter five in the horizontal direction of the mark on the screen to draw a little brighter. This section can be moved left and right and brilliant attention to an interesting part of the sign can be drawn on the screen.

Another nifty feature is the DELAYED BY B 'dir (Eng. to delay = delay, delay). Starting from the left of the screen to move towards the right spots on the screen, but it will mark B when applied to vertical baffles after a time set by some of the commutator. This delay is also continuously adjustable and mark the start of the screen provided, or more to the left than the right. Apart from these two channel signals collected, removed, or vice versa on (multiplied by -1), etc., etc. can be displayed.

Still further, some oscilloscope has the function modules and these modules can be changed outside of the display screen simultaneously with the help of e.g. one or two signals can be provided to display the four mark.

DİFFİCULTY OF OSCİLLOSCOPE SELECTİON

If you want to buy an oscilloscope, for which in the hands of the seller -one-size suggests that the "best" do not succumb to the oscilloscope. In professional publications (worldwide) the business of the readers are published quite a market research easier. A better way is to take more than five or six magazines and study the advertisements given by the oscilloscope manufacturer and dışalımcı. These firms may be requested by phone or letter referring to the brochure. There is nothing there to pull;companies have to send this brochure to sevesev. After all, you can come to a decision by comparing the information in this brochure. Used an oscilloscope in (of course by testing all the functions) can get.

When choosing an oscilloscope should be noted the following points:

Vertical sensitivity: for example 50mV / division in which the sensitivity of the device, the height of a section on the screen one of the Volt's twenty show up in a small (usually a display section 8 mm).This happens often enough.

Vertical bandwidth: The bandwidth of 25 MHz, measured signals up to 25 MHz; this is usually more than enough, even increased ...

DC Input: DC high voltage input or is rejoined with the ability to measure the correct voltage direct linkage entry through oscilloscope (horizontal lines on the screen, according to the measured true stress the magnitude and sign, in a greater or lesser amount, up or down shifts). Such an alternating voltage measured by the oscilloscope can be seen whether they can be mounted on a proper tension.

Vertical delay: the head side of the marks on the screen, "miss you" to the oscilloscope should have this feature.

Vertical rise time: This is another indication of quality. The shorter this time, the better the oscilloscope.

Rise time must be at least 70 under ns'n, otherwise the rise time is very small, which can not be measured accurately blows.

Horizontal deflection region or time certain: from 0.5 seconds per section 0.2 usr / part time ranging from some leaves sufficient latitude in most of the measurements.

Deflection accuracy: the diversion period set by the time some of the commutator (eg 5 ms / division) should not be worse than 5% error. In this case, pulse width, signal frequency can be measured with sufficient accuracy.

Externally trigger: In some cases, inside the start scanning the display of the electron beam (internal), so instead of trigger-dependent marking shown on the screen, mark measured is useful to trigger the aid of another mark of any relationship. One of these can be applied in the oscilloscope to trigger flag "external trigger" must have the input. This entry is important for people who use the oscilloscope at an advanced level.

Last acceleration voltage: Electronic speed of the electron gun from the higher, so many electrons hit the screen surface is coated with a fluorescent substance and seen the brighter spots. Braun tube put into a "final acceleration anode" with beam speed can be increased and thus provide a large number of electrons hitting the screen and the shape is more brilliant. The benefit of this particular approximately 10 usr / bölüm'-as seen in the next higher diversion rates. Accelerating anode voltage applied to the end should not be less than 3000 V so.

Screen persistence: For most situations, "moderate" is the best a display tube having a rather persistent. Persistence after screen electron multiplier current is interrupted, the time to continue to shine the fluorescent substance. With persistent than a second or longer tubes are very rare and are required for specific situations. Is usually such a long persistence disturbing. Similar things can be said for tubes with 100 ms or shorter than persistent. Usually blue or green, sometimes yellow is just a problem with the display colors and pleasure is not so important.

HOME DO MI?

- NO, THANK YOU ...

Is a question that they may be more economical to conduct an oscilloscope can be used at home, almost always "no" to be answered. First you need to provide a large number of individual parts is a problem in its own right. In addition, the challenges posed by the mechanical part is usually underestimated. Then, the development of this type of device and on the construction of "little" as well as the experience of a large number of hand tools and measuring device is required.

Because of the finished device made previously hum, vibration tendency, after successfully overcoming all kinds of instability prevents all emerged in the form et al, must be measured from start to finish and calibrated. People to do this, it developed a series of production equipment will prefer to do their own devices.

But there is one exception: as they say in the old Romans "kit" which are also sold in the form oscilloscopes. These devices are not exceptional in terms of talent, but beginners and very well used at home by dealing with electronics.

And sure, there is no better way to achieve it with the help of a good kit to be annotated and familiarity with an oscilloscope.

EXTRAS

There are some minor differences between a car with an oscilloscope. One of them is supplied with auxiliary parts. Oscilloscope taken, in order to immediately start working device, what is supplied to them if necessary, and you do not need to pay. An additional fee is not the case for metallic paint oscilloscope. However, where the need for significant additional expenditure of an additional part, we mentioned the track "measuring probe" stop. The probe hook tip allows easy implementation of the mark to be measured with the oscilloscope.

However, more importantly, allows him to feel that the probe measuring circuit connected to a foreign device. Otherwise, he can not be an accurate measurement. Generally, two types of measurement probes are used. These signal attenuation of 1: 1 to 10 times that attenuates signal probe 10: 1 probe. This type of working with a second probe, if a voltage of 5 V at the end of the probe, the voltage reaches 0.5 V oscilloscope. The size of the sign be measured, this should be taken into consideration.

So an attachment rarely used, placed in front of the light-blocking is very fine mesh wire mesh tube or screen. These help the uneven shape on the screen in a bright environment is provided. In higher quality device located in front of the movie camera display fixture; Converged thus the possibility of withdrawing the official mark on the display.

The oscilloscope is a versatile device requires the presence of a large number of switches and buttons.And that the buttons will not see anything on the screen in the form of a setting is not difficult to do.However, no need to panic doors immediately. If most of the buttons are the same in all the oscilloscope and understanding exactly how they work, the use of an oscilloscope is child's play.Descriptions of the buttons and other control elements are in English, unfortunately this naming may show differences from manufacturer to manufacturer and are sometimes abbreviated. If now, if there is an oscilloscope at hand, they wound located on each device can test what does the following buttons:

POVVER ON - on / off button on the device.

SCALE ILLUMINATION - Scale lighting. Elucidation of the measure in front of the raster display.

INTENSITY - the brightness of the shape on the screen, also called BRIGHTNESS.

FOCUS - Sharpness setting.

Astigi - Astigmatism, the setting in the shape of the outer edge sharpness. Not available on all devices.

VERTICAL POSITION - This button can be moved with the help downwards or upwards on the screen (also a direct voltage is applied to the vertical deflection plates). This function is referred to as Y-SHIFT.

HORIZONTAL POSITION button -This may be shifted to the right or left so the screen (also added a direct voltage to the horizontal deflection plates). This function X-SHIFT called.

TIME / DIV. - Time Division = time per screen per section. This is also called the key some time. This button is provided with slow or fast saw the production of tooth marks for horizontal deflection plates. Steps have been calibrated in terms of fractions of seconds per screen section. The duration of a signal can be measured. For example, switch 50 usr / department level if available and displayed in the third section pulse width, pulse duration is 150 US, yet (see Figure 7). Without calibration is also a button that closes this infinitely open in the horizontal direction depending on the shape of the commutator.

CAL -calibrated = calibrated. TIME / DIV switch is connected with the switch in this position, the value set by the commutator time per part is correct.

TRIGGER - several functions are grouped under this name:

AUTO - automatically starts the sawtooth. If sawtooth start without input signal, Finn FreeRun this study species-Eng = freelance name is also given.

INTERN - the mark shown on the screen of the sawtooth be triggered by itself.

EXTERNA - mark applied a stranger outside the sawtooth oscilloscope is triggered.

LEVEL - internal or external triggering, the rise of the required level setting mark triggered to produce the trigger flag is made ​​with this button.
+/- saw the female allows the internal or external trigger flag to start with a positive or negative edge.

EXT. TRIGGER or just TRIGGER - jack for connecting an external trigger mark. The trigger mark is desirably usually 1 V or greater.

X MAGNUM., X MAGNIFIER or HORIZONTAL EXP-NSIO's - This button can be opened so as 5 to 10 times the speed or variable on the screen and provides a close examination of a portion of the figure.

VOLTS / DIV. - Volts per division = Volts per section. Used to adjust the input sensitivity of the oscilloscope to display signs in accordance with the commutator. Also, the position and the height of the mark on the screen this switch the voltage (in V) can be read. This key variable (and not calibrated), a precision
work together in the setting.

CAL .- = calibrated calibrated. In this position of infinitely sensitivity adjuster, VOLTS / DIV. value set by the switch is correct.

AC-0-DC alternating current - zero - alternating voltage direct current = - means zero proper tension.Select the input type to point to be measured.

AC-voltages can be measured only alternative. If an alternating voltage is superimposed on a direct voltage is not taken into this correct voltage oscilloscope.

0- entrance is closed to all types of signs. Horizontal lines on the screen in this case can be brought to a desired location with VERT-CAL POSITION.

DC- and AC voltages are correct voltage measured at this location together.
VERTICAL INPUT or Y-INPUT- vertical input. Outlet to apply the mark to display.
CAL calibration VOLTS- = calibration voltage of the voltage is reduced.

A square wave signal with a defined size in the oscilloscope has produced and this output jack. If the probe is connected to this jack can be controlled calibration of the vertical input and gain. In addition, this square wave measurements made by the head of the compensation is provided to show the best of the screen.

HORIZONTAL INPUT - External horizontal input jack, it also denmektedir. X-INPUT-TIME / DIV. in a special position of the switch, instead of pointing the saw tooth produced in the oscilloscope will be sent to the externally applied horizontal baffles mark. In this case together with interesting shapes marking applied to the vertical deflection plates, interests Lissajou figure.

Z-MOD - Brightness modulation input. These are a few volts is applied via the input pulses. The way to the right from the left side of the screen dots, TIME / DIV switch position according to the shape of some of the spots appear brighter. If the frequency of the pulses coming from an accurate pulse generator, the accuracy of the measured time measurement mark in this way can be very high.

Despite this short manual, a smart user (yes, the intelligent), before facing the manual of the device and then will attempt to play with the appliance. One who read the book, the device will learn many more things than those described here. So efforts will go to waste.

POOR CONDITIONS

Meanwhile, for some details overlooked, completely wrong results can be obtained from a measurement. Let's give some examples of the aforementioned details:

• Measuring probe has not been compensated, not so set in quadrature with the best impressions. In the measurement probe has an adjustment device which can be surrounded by a ring or a screwdriver for this purpose or returned. Best of all, compensation is to check each day before the measurement, otherwise unrelated to reality shapes seen.

• VOLTS / DIV switch is in the CAL CAL button of the position and the value read is actually very different. Some devices, this button is not in the CAL position, since a small light.

• TIME / DIV CAL button on the key is not in the CAL position and read the sign of the displayed time is actually more than the period. However, in some devices, the button lights up a small bulb in the absence of the CAL position.

• XMAG button is pressed and opened in the horizontal direction sign on the display. This is the time measured in is not valid and the user waits for nice surprises.
And if in spite of all efforts, can not be removed in a horizontal line display generated by the horizontal deflection, triggering is a case that should not have a key or button concerned.

EXCAVATION UĞUR

Animation and Time-Division-1 Time-Division-2 Time-Division-3 Trigger Level V-Division